Diabetes is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by the inability to absorb glucose from food and is necessary for the nutrition, respiration and energy metabolism of cells. In this case, the production or interaction with pancreatic hormones - impaired insulin. It is necessary to regulate the quantitative presence of glucose in the blood. With improper manipulation of a pair of glucose-temperature proteins, hyperglycemia is the continuous increase in glucose. Metabolism is affected, and the work of the kidneys, heart, blood vessels and central nervous system is disturbed.
Types of diabetes
The two major diabetes varieties were distinguished, and although they belonged to a group of endocrine diseases, there were differences.
Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent, juvenile, INZSD type I)
It is characterized by the immune system attacking pancreatic beta cells (more than 80%), producing insulin. There are no hormones, but glucose is constantly transmitted to the body with food. Blood sugar is constantly changing. The first type of diabetes is most commonly detected in childhood or puberty. But this is not uncommon for adults.
Second type of diabetes (insulin-dependent, II II II)
Type II diabetes is often diagnosed after 30-40 years. But the disease is getting younger and younger. In 90% of the patient cases, excessive weight was observed. The body can still produce insulin, but the cells are less sensitive to insulin (this is called insulin resistance). A vicious cycle occurs. Cells do not feel insulin, and the human body produces more insulin to feed. cage. Glucose just accumulates in the blood, and insulin increases appetite. If you eat alone, jump sugar, and your insulin resistance will be enhanced.
diabetes
Here, glucose levels are beyond the reference value, but you can't even talk about diabetes. Diabetes can be the basis for the development of type II diabetes and diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Gestational diabetes is a characteristic during pregnancy. Most commonly during pregnancy II or III.
In addition, the course of the disease varies in severity: light (I), medium (II) and severe (III).
diabetes. symptom
If you are not used to donating blood to glucose once a year and you don’t know the endocrinologist in your own clinic, there are many symptoms that can tell you it’s time to contact your experts. However, we will make a reservation immediately and if insulin deficiency has moved to a critical point, the signs of diabetes will show up. Therefore, the most effective way to find sugar levels is to donate blood.
The first type of diabetes
The first symptoms of diabetes:
- constant, longing desire;
- Dry mouth
- Urinate frequently;
- Indifference and fatigue;
- Hunger dissatisfied;
- Weight loss (average 3-5 kg) has nothing to do with any action of a person;
- Visual problems (the blur of the picture, as if everything is in the fog).
The second type of diabetes
In some parameters, the second type of diabetes has similar symptoms to type I diabetes: it is thirst, hunger, dry mouth, fatigue, vision problems, and frequent impulses to the toilet. But this type has its own signs:
- Numbness and tingling of arms and legs;
- Slow wound healing and recurrent infection.
Causes of diabetes
Alas, scientists are unable to list the exact causes of diabetes development in humans (especially the first category). Poor ecology, extensive viral infections and insufficient functioning of the immune system are considered to be based. Among the causes of diabetes development, there are usually differences:
- Genetic tendency. In addition, if the father has type 1 diabetes, the risk will be 10%, if the mother has 2. 5%. If both parents are diagnosed with Type II diabetes, then 40 years later, the child is at a risk of the disease, reaching 65-70%.
- Diet is unbalanced and carbohydrate-rich;
- Too much weight (90% of people with type II INZSD suffer from it);
- Lack of physical exercise;
- Continuous pressure;
- diabetes;
- Use certain drugs for a long time (diuretics, hormones, salicylates, cell inhibitors, etc. );
- Race (the risk of developing first-class diabetes among children of European races);
- History of gestational diabetes;
- Chronic inadequacy of the adrenal cortex.
complication
This disease is sinister and if you don't observe your doctor's instructions, you may experience complications of diabetes (chronic and acute) that harm the work of the entire organism. Chronic complications are observed when high sugar levels last for a long time.
The following chronic complications can be distinguished:
- The vulnerability of blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy) leads to decreased vision, cataracts or early development of blindness.
- For diabetes, periodontitis often occurs, which leads to tooth loss or heart problems. Similarly, various oral infectious diseases can be used. It is necessary to observe hygiene well and see the dentist regularly.
- Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of disability and mortality in patients with diabetes. Angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, etc. The lack of observations on cholesterol and glucose levels leads to the development of these complications.
- Kidney disease or destruction of blood vessels in the kidney leads to failure of renal function or rejection. Need hell control.
- Neuropathy (nerve injury). In most cases, the risk of neurosis is exposed to the legs. The walls of blood vessels and nerve fibers are destroyed and blood flows to the legs. Signs of neuropathy development are tingling, pain, creeping chicken skin ump or loss of sensitivity. Patients, especially older people, usually do not attach meaning, which is full of development of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputations. Neuropathy can affect other body systems (erectile dysfunction, gastrointestinal problems, urogenital system).
- Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis because blood vessels become fragile, fragile and increase the risk of blood clots.
- It usually has joint pain, as diabetes can lead to a decrease in synovial fluid.
- In addition, the frequency of mental disorders development is high.
Acute complications develop rapidly and are often associated with fluctuations in blood sugar. Low (low blood sugar) and high blood sugar cause crisis. Hypoglycemia crisis (3. 9 mmol/l or lower) is manifested as epilepsy, and hyperglycemia is dangerous to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis and high-quality hyperglycemia state. These are emergency and threatening conditions that lead to convulsions, coma and fatal results.
Diagnosis of diabetes
Diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In ideal cases, a person should be aware of his or her glucose levels, especially after 45 years. But if it is risky, the analysis should be done more frequently and you need to do it earlier so you don’t miss out on valuable time.
Diabetes is diagnosed through a variety of diagnosis:
- Analyze glycated hemoglobin. The results of the analysis show that the average blood sugar level in the blood over the past 2-3 months. So you can track the dynamics;
- Analysis of glucose in plasma in fasting plasma (capillaries or veins). The review currently demonstrates the location of glucose;
- In suspicious cases, glucosomyte tests are prescribed. The test lasted for a long time, including measuring glucose levels before and after water containing glucose dissolved;
- Analysis of glucose and/or acetone urine. Healthy people do not have the characteristics of these elements in their urine.
treat
When treating type I diabetes, the main treatment of insulin is the main treatment of insulin, which must be administered daily at doses prescribed by the attending physician and calculated doses. You can independently calculate the necessary dose of the hormone archive using a special insulin syringe, syringe means or insulin pump. Under certain conditions, drugs for diabetes can be prescribed, which can stimulate the body to develop its own insulin.
In the first species of diabetes, chip insulin was found every day because the pass was full of development of diabetic ketoacidosis, resulting in death. Daily insulin + proper nutrition + physical exercise can provide life without complications.
Using type II diabetes, doctors prescribe medications that aim to lower sugar levels and normalize a person's condition. Sometimes it may be necessary to replace the treatment with insulin, but it does not require daily acceptance. Diet failures in diabetes, as well as increased weight control were observed.
In the case of prediabetes, a test must be performed every six months or a year. It is also necessary to get rid of excessive weight and switch to dietary nutrition.
With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor glucose levels in the blood and follow the advice of the observation doctor. The most common thing after delivery is that blood sugar returns to normal. However, there is a risk of a second type of diabetes.
Predict and prevent
Diabetes is a serious endocrine disease that reduces life by 5 to 10 years, while men die more frequently than women. Infectious and viral diseases are more tolerant. In the context of pneumonia, the incidence of influenza is 6 times higher than statistics in people who have no diabetes in their medical history. Among healthy people, Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia develop less frequently than those with diabetes.
However, with diabetes you can and should fight diabetes. Being able to manage helps them avoid many problems and complications. Therefore, 50-60% of the disease cases are stable without progress.
Proper control and prevention of diabetes are:
- Regular glucose checks;
- A special diet for diabetes;
- Move in medium mode;
- Observe blood pressure and cholesterol;
- Regularly visit necessary experts and conduct investigations;
- Take medications prescribed by your doctor.
Diabetes is not well studied, but medications and a conscious attitude toward life in the disease will help with long-term life without complications.