Diabetes is an endocrine pathology accompanied by hyperglycemia syndrome (hyperglycemia), which occurs due to insulin deficiency.This disease is accompanied by carbohydrate imbalances in the body and other metabolic diseases.
Currently, diabetes has been diagnosed as 10-15% of our planet’s population.Often, cases of this childhood disease development become more frequent after unreasonable antibiotic treatment, stress and viral infection.The number of diabetes patients increases by 9-10% per year.Today, the number of patients with this disease exceeds 200 million.Both men and women have been diagnosed with diabetes.
Causes and mechanisms of diabetes development
Due to violation of the results of insulin synthesis and secretion of insulin by the Langnes pancreatic beta cells, the decrease in blood levels will lead to absolute insulin deficiency over time.Relative insulin deficiency was also found, which may be due to increased insulin with protein, intensive destruction of liver enzymes, and an increase in the rate of influence of non-hormonal and hormone antagonists, which may be the result of decreased insulin activity insulin-dependent tissue with insulin.
Insulin deficiency can cause diseases that metabolize proteins, carbohydrates and fats in the body.The permeability of glucose in cell membranes in muscle and adipose tissue is reduced, gluconeogenesis and enhancement of glycogenolysis, gluconein, gluconein, hyperglycemia occurs, accompanied by polyphosphorus and polyuria.The attenuation increases and fat formation decreases, which leads to an increase in the levels of ketones in the blood (the condensation product of acetone-acetic acid toxic acid, beta-oxy and acetic acid).These phenomena can cause the acid-base balance to move in the direction of acidosis and affect the increased excretion of magnesium, sodium, potassium in the urine and lead to renal dysfunction.
Alkaline blood reserves may be reduced to 25%.Carbon dioxide and blood pH decreased to 7.2-7.0.
How Type I Diabetes Progress
There are some differences in the causes of diabetes development, depending on the type of diabetes.For example, patients with diabetes type expand due to beta cells in their body due to autoimmune attacks and viral infections, thus lacking all the consequences that follow.
How Type II diabetes develops
Patients with Type II diabetes have sufficient amounts of insulin, but body tissues lose the opportunity to perceive their signals.As obesity develops, adipose tissue acts as a barrier to blocking insulin effects.To eliminate this barrier, beta cells include enhanced operating modes, which subsequently lead to their relative insulin deficiency to an absolute transition.However, insulin-dependent diabetes does not translate to insulin-dependent.
Regardless of the etiological factors of diabetes development, the same process also occurs in and is available in the blood during the slowdown in sugar conversion.
Classification of diabetes
According to clinical characteristics, the following types of diabetes are distinguished:
- My type of diabetes has several subspecies:
- insulin-dependent diabetes;
- Insulin-dependent diabetes sugar:
- Among the obese;
- People with normal weight.
- Diabetes, the reason for its development is insufficient nutrition;
- Other validation of type I diabetes associated with certain syndromes and physical conditions:
- Endocrine pathology;
- an insulin abnormality or its receptor;
- Pancreatic disease;
- some genetic syndromes;
- Conditions caused by the action of chemical substances or medications;
- state of mixed etiology;
- Type II diabetes indicates a violation of glucose tolerance and is classified into this form:
- in patients without overweight;
- Among the obese;
- Caused by a specific state or syndrome.
- Type III diabetes can develop during pregnancy.
A separate static risk category for the disease has been identified (normal glucose tolerance but high risk of diabetes):
- Violating glucose tolerance;
- Potential glucose tolerance disorder.
Required (main) diabetes type
The essential (main) type of diabetes associated with nutritional failure is emphasized as a separate pathology.The disease occurs in people under the age of 30 who live in tropical countries.According to statistics, the ratio of men and women is 2:1.The total number of patients with diabetes in this form is 20 million.
In most cases, this diabetes has two subtypes.The first of them is fiber-ball pancreatic diabetes.
Fiber calcium pancreatic diabetes
Territorially, it mainly covers Indonesia, India, Brazil, Bangladesh, Uganda and Nigeria.This pathology is characterized by the widespread pancreatic fibrosis and stone formation in the main conduits of the pancreas.The clinical situation is indicated by sharp weight loss, recurrent abdominal pain and other signs of nutritional inadequacy.In this case, insulin therapy can eliminate moderate and hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia.One of the characteristics of this pathology is the lack of ketoacidosis, which is due to the reduced production of insulin and the release of insulin in the islets.Topographic studies (ultrasound diagnosis, radiograph, computed tomography) make it possible to determine the presence of stones in the pancreatic duct.
It is believed that one of the factors that develops in fiber calcification diabetes is the inclusion of mangokaran (cassava, cassava) in the diet, which contains cyanoglycosides, one of which is dinamide protein, from which cyano acids are released during hydrolysis.With the participation of sulfuric acids, its harmful effects are eliminated, and the intake of protein foods is insufficient, which is usually found in the above-mentioned populations, which stimulates the accumulation of cyanide in the body, which is the cause of the development of fibrous nuclear cancer.
Pancreatic diabetes
The development of pancreatic diabetes (type II diabetes) is related to insufficient protein in the body, but there is no sign of pancreatic fibrosis.It is characterized by moderate resistance to insulin and resistance to development of ketoacidosis.In most cases, the patient is exhausted.The secretion of patients reduced insulin secretion, but did not take the same measures as those with type I diabetes, which explained the lack of ketoacidosis.
Subtype j
In the classification of diabetes, based on the WHO data presented above, the third subtype of pancreatic diabetes found in Jamaica is not cited, and we are talking about Subtype J J. Subtype J and pancreatic diabetes that occur due to protein deficiency are common.
Symptoms of diabetes
The first symptom of diabetes occurs due to high blood sugar levels.After exceeding the level of 8.9-10.0, sugar enters urine.When the glucose levels in the blood continue to increase, the kidneys also clear water, which is clinically manifested by rapid urination (Polyuria).Excessive urine isolation can cause persistent thirst (multitype).With urine, the body loses a lot of calories, represented by glucose, so a person loses weight and keeps feeling hungry.
Other symptoms of diabetes include drowsiness, reduced vision, fatigue, and nausea.In addition, patients with free diabetes are prone to infection.Insulin deficiency is obvious in patients with type I diabetes, so weight loss is almost always done before starting treatment.Patients with type II diabetes do not lose weight.
With the rapid development of type I diabetes disease, the clinical manifestations will soon develop into diabetic ketoacidosis.Regardless of the high glucose levels in the blood, cells have no chance to use it in the absence of insulin, so they switch to other energy sources.The destruction of adipocytes begins, which causes the formation of ketone bodies, which are toxic compounds that "acidify" the blood.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
The first symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis are manifested in the form of excessive urination and thirst, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss and abdominal pain (especially in childhood).The patient breathes frequently, which is related to the body's attempt to neutralize excessive blood acidity, a process that is accompanied by the smell of acetone in the mouth.In the absence of treatment, the development of coma can complicate diabetic ketoacidosis, which in some cases occurs within a few hours.
Type I diabetes may be accompanied by the development of ketoacid disease even after insulin treatment is initiated if the patient undergoes planned injections or experiences severe emotional overtherapy, especially in the event of injury, severe infection or other serious illness.
Patients with type II diabetes may not show any pathological signs long enough.This hidden disease period can last for decades.Clinical manifestations are activated because insulin deficiency can be exacerbated.
First, the volume of dedicated urine is only slightly above the norm, and the expression of thirst is weak, but over time, these processes progress.Ketoacidosis is rare.Significant increase in glucose levels in the blood (55 mmol/L in some cases), which usually occurs when other loads on the body, for example, under the influence of drugs or under the influence of severe infectious diseases, patients can rush to a confused state of consciousness, severe dehydration, epilepsy phenomenon, and a large number of diseases.
How else does diabetes manifest
Over time, high glucose in the blood can cause damage to nerves, blood vessels, and other structures.The compound containing glucose is located on the walls of the small blood vessels, so the walls of the container are thickened and damaged.Stenosis of the blood vessel space causes worsening of blood flow, especially blood supply to the skin and nerve ends.If diabetes is not compensated for, fatty substance levels will increase, thereby accelerating the development of atherosclerosis.Patients diagnosed with diabetes suffer from atherosclerosis 2-6 times more frequently than those without such a diagnosis.Invasion of blood vessels in the blood circulation can cause dysfunction of the heart, kidneys, eyes, lower limbs, brain, skin and nerves, and slow down the wound healing process.
What is the severity of diabetes
All of these factors increase the risk of developing many distant complications.In patients with diabetes, the risk of stroke and heart attack is increased due to damage to the blood vessels of the eyes, loss of sensitivity (diabetic retinopathy) may occur, and renal disease can cause renal failure, so in some cases, dialysis is required.Neurological damage can lead to many consequences.Mononeuropathy (impaired function of a nerve) can be manifested by sudden weakness in the upper limbs or in the lower limbs.Diabetic polyneuropathy (neural damage to the legs, feet, or hands) can cause sensitivity disorders, pain, burning or tingling, feeling of weakness in the arms and legs.Decreased temperature and pain sensitivity, resulting in increased trauma.Circulatory disorders can lead to poor appearance of ulcers and wound healing.The ulcers on the foot are very deep and heal poorly, resulting in infections and in some cases amputation of the affected limbs.
Clinical studies have shown that if you keep maintaining normal blood sugar, you can avoid or expire diabetes.The course of this disease has not been fully studied yet.There are many undeveloped factors that lead to their development, and genetic factors include the number of these factors.
Diagnosis of diabetes
Diagnosis of diabetes begins with the collection of tumors and examinations in patients.In these measures, the patient has genetic factors, obesity, whether the patient belongs to the number of individual Tie twins (if one of them has diabetes, the second must be checked), the woman specifies whether the presence of molecules and whether the large fruit is specified.
Here are many laboratory tests, including:
- Blood tests for glucose levels were performed twice;
- Glucose tolerance test;
- Determine the daily glucose level in the urine.
By diagnosing diabetes, it is important to understand the presence of complications.To this end, all organs and systems are diagnosed.
Complications of diabetes
Complications of diabetes can be acute and chronic, and they are also separated according to the form of diabetes.In acute complications, coma is distinguished during which loss of consciousness is a brain disorder due to very low or very high blood sugar concentrations.Such conditions include:
- Diabetic etiology (the most common complication of acute nature) is manifested by polyuria, multiple, lack of appetite, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting;
- Lowering blood sugar Coma is an extreme hypoglycemia, which drops glucose levels in the blood sharply.It is usually the result of the introduction of irregular doses of insulin, sometimes after taking certain foods or sulfamides.
- In terms of national severity, Gaomoore comics are greater than diabetes, and type II diabetes is mainly found in the elderly.In 30% of cases, the cause of death in patients has become 70% of severe concomitant pathology.
Chronic (latest) complications are combined into a group of pathology that are exposed to the patient's organs and systems for a long time.First, organs that are more sensitive to sugar can be damaged, and they are a "target" of diabetes.Among the chronic complications of diabetes, the following conditions are known:
- Diabetic retinopathy is observed in 90% of diabetic patients.The prolonged diabetes process develops and is manifested by vascular damage to the retina.
- Diabetic nephropathy includes complex damage to the kidneys (tubule, artery, glomerulus, arterioles).The prevalence of diabetes patients is 75%;
- Diabetic neuropathy is a damage caused by peripheral nerve damage in diabetic patients.Neurosis is an attractive factor in the development of diabetic foot, which can lead to amputation of the limbs.
- Diabetic encephalopathy is a gradual damage to the brain.It shows increased fatigue, decreased performance, concentration, emotional instability, headache, anxiety, and worsening thinking processes;
- Diabetic lesions in the skin are caused by structural deformation of the epidermis, follicles, and sweat glands due to violation of carbohydrate metabolism and accumulation of metabolites.In severe diabetes forms, the skin becomes flaky, rough, cracked areas, and the skin will gain a pale yellowish tone and hair loss will occur.
- Syndrome of diabetic foot and brushes occurs in 30-80% of diabetic patients and is a complex of anatomical and dysfunction, which appear in the form of brown spots and in the form of lower legs, feet and ovals of fingers, which can lead to limb amputation in severe cases.
Treatment of diabetes
Treatment of diabetes depends on the type of disease, but first, the patient needs to normalize the glucose levels in the blood.To do this, you need to fundamentally change your lifestyle and diet.A special diet is recommended for patients with diabetes, which is based on the calculations of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, vitamins and trace elements used.This calculation is taught by experts in the field.
The choice of drug treatment strategies depends on the type of diabetes.Insulin treatment is necessary for patients with diabetes type, type II diabetes is to adhere to the strictest diet and use drugs containing glucose, and the form of the drug in tablet form is insulin.
Strictly control glucose levels in the blood.Insulin preparations according to their mechanism of action are divided into three types: prolonged, short and intermediate effects.In the case of insulin-dependent diabetes combined with diet, sugar-containing drugs.Sugar-containing drugs include: Biguanides, sulfomokivina, thiazolidinyl butyl and giant litinides.
With this insidious disease, it is very important for medical staff to correctly teach patients and their relatives to monitor the patient's condition and first aid skills in the case of a patient and his coma.
Diabetes prediction
In the presence of diabetes, the patient has been registered with an endocrinologist.With proper treatment, the patient has been in a satisfactory state for a long time.To aggravate the prognosis of the health and life expectancy status of diabetic patients, Melitos produces acute and chronic complications.
Prevent diabetes
Using type I diabetes, the preventive measure is to increase the body's resistance to various infections and eliminate the toxic effects of antibodies on the pancreas.For patients with II, the type of diabetes is very important for adjusting nutrition and preventing the development of obesity.To prevent the development of complications of diabetes disease, it is necessary to correctly and systematically follow the doctor's advice and clarify whether it is edible.